overview: Aflatoxin

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Typhoid Mary: Carrier of Salmonella typhi

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Typhoid Mary: Carrier of Salmonella typhi In 1869 girl named Mary Mallon born in Ireland. Mary emigrated to US in 1884, started working as a domestic help to the wealthy families and later became a cook. Mary was a healthy carrier of Salmonella typhi bacteria which is responsible for typhoid fever and killed many people unknowingly, later she stigmatized as 'Typhoid Mary'. Before going to further details about 'typhoid Mary' first know what is typhoid fever. What is Typhoid fever Typhoid fever is a serious enteric fever caused by bacterium,  Salmonella enterica, serovar typhi   also known as  Salmonella typhi . It is a gram negative, unicellular, motile (flagella present all around the cell),  facultative aerobes and non spore forming bacterium belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family. Salmonella typhi under scanning electronic microscope Salmonella typhi once enter into the body through mouth reach to intestinal cells and infect them, the
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Acetogen

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Definition Diverse group of obligate anaerobic bacteria which can derive energy only by anaerobic  respiration (fermentation) and/or by ion gradient-driven phosphorylation are called acetogens and the process involved is called acetogenesis. Characteristics Acetogens carried out unique pathway called Wood-Ljungdahl pathway also known as reductive acetyl- CoA pathway which helps bacteria to grow in anaerobic conditions.  They need strict anaerobic environment for growth.  Acetogens use one carbon compound as substrate such as carbon dioxide, formate, methyl groups and carbon monoxide etc. and use H 2  as energy source. Acetogens generates acetate (CH 3 CHOO - ) as an end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation.  Acetate is the main end product of acetogenesis, but many other natural products such as butyrate, butanol, 2, 3-butanediol, and ethanol can also be produced by acetogens.  Acetogens employ acetyl-CoA as a key enzyme during acetogenesis
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